![]() (The Free Dictionary)Ī laboratory experiment using animals to study the development and progression of diseases. (PubMed)Ī belief or conclusion held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof. The editorials published by editors of journals representing the official organ of a society or organization are generally substantive. Work consisting of a statement of the opinions, beliefs, and policy of the editor or publisher of a journal, usually on current matters of medical or scientific significance to the medical community or society at large. (Dictionary of Nursing Theory and Research, Fourth Edition) This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. (OCEBM Table of Evidence Glossary)Īn investigation of a single subject or a single unit, which could be a small number of individuals who seem to be representative of a larger group or very different from it. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. (OCEBM Table of Evidence Glossary)Ī group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing the diseased and nondiseased with regard to how frequently the attribute is present or, if quantitative, the levels of the attribute, in each of the groups. The observational epidemiologic study of persons with the disease (or other outcome variable) of interest and a suitable control (comparison, reference) group of persons without the disease. In many controlled trials, the other treatment is a placebo (inactive substance) and is considered the "control." (AHRQ Glossary of Terms)Ī clinical research study in which people who presently have a certain condition or receive a particular treatment are followed over time and compared with another group of people who are not affected by the condition. (AHRQ Glossary of Terms) There are various methods to randomize study participants to their groups. (AHRQ Glossary of Terms)Ī type of clinical trial comparing the effectiveness of one medication or treatment with the effectiveness of another medication or treatment. (PubMed)Ī controlled clinical trial that randomly (by chance) assigns participants to two or more groups. It is usually called a meta-analysis by the author or sponsoring body and should be differentiated from reviews of literature. It is often an overview of clinical trials. (AHRQ Glossary of Terms)Ī work consisting of studies using a quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc. A systematic review typically includes a description of the findings of the collection of research studies. The researchers use an organized method of locating, assembling, and evaluating a body of literature on a particular topic using a set of specific criteria. A systematic review is a critical assessment and evaluation of all research studies that address a particular clinical issue. Quality of Life : What will be the patient's quality of life following an intervention?Ī summary of the clinical literature. Prevention : How do we reduce the chance of disease by identifying and modifying risk factors?Ĭost : Is one intervention more cost-effective than another? RCT > Cohort Study > Case Control > Case Series Prognosis : What is the patient's likely clinical course over time?Ĭohort Study > Case Control > Case SeriesĮtiology / Harm: What are the causes of this disease or condition? A controlled trial that looks at patients with varying degrees of an illness and administers both diagnostic tests - the test under investigation and the "gold standard" test - to all of the patients in teh study group. Prospective, blind comparison to a gold standard, ie. RCT > Cohort Study > Case Control > Case Seriesĭiagnosis : Which diagnostic test should I use? Therapy : Which treatment does more harm than good? When this happens, work your way down the Evidence Pyramid to the next highest level of evidence. You might not always find the highest level of evidence (i.e., systematic review or meta-analysis) to answer your question. Different types of research studies are better suited to answer different categries of clinical questions.
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